{"format":3,"method":"deterministic","version":"b728765e1491","generated_at":"2026-10-28T06:08:06.401668Z","reason":null,"reason_detail":null,"provenance":"verificada_contra_la_fuente","claims":[{"id":"D1","kind":"cifra","fact_id":"A20","value":20.0,"said_as":"twenty","text":"The empirical example uses a subset of the Global Country Information Dataset 2023 (compiled by Nidula Elgiriyewithana, Gigasheet): 20 countries with diverse economic, political, and health systems, and five health indicators: fertility rate, infant mortality, maternal mortality ratio, physicians per thousand, and life expectancy.","period":"2023","said_in":[{"scene":0,"second":null},{"scene":8,"second":null}],"owner_scene":0,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":"drawn","citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"D2","kind":"cifra","fact_id":"A7","value":30.0,"said_as":"30","text":"Statistical methods in the social sciences require a 'large' number of cases, usually defined as 30 or more; qualitative methods use one or perhaps two cases studied in depth. QCA occupies the space between these two poles.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":3,"second":null}],"owner_scene":3,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":"drawn","citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"D3","kind":"cifra","fact_id":"A10","value":100.0,"said_as":"100","text":"Ragin's water example: water can reach negative or positive temperatures, but the values where qualitative changes occur are 0°C and 100°C.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":4,"second":null}],"owner_scene":4,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":"drawn","citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"D4","kind":"cifra","fact_id":"A9","value":1.0,"said_as":"1 percent","text":"Ragin's calibration example: an experienced economist does not interpret 1% GDP growth as real economic growth; only 2% or higher qualifies as real growth based on existing knowledge.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":5,"second":null}],"owner_scene":5,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":"notShown","citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"D5","kind":"cifra","fact_id":"A11","value":5000.0,"said_as":"5,000","text":"Ragin's GDP per capita calibration example for 'developed countries': crossover point at $5,000; full membership threshold at $20,000 (country identified as developed above this); full non-membership threshold at $2,500 or less.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":5,"second":null}],"owner_scene":5,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":"drawn","citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"D6","kind":"cifra","fact_id":"A11","value":20000.0,"said_as":"20,000","text":"Ragin's GDP per capita calibration example for 'developed countries': crossover point at $5,000; full membership threshold at $20,000 (country identified as developed above this); full non-membership threshold at $2,500 or less.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":5,"second":null}],"owner_scene":5,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":"drawn","citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"D7","kind":"cifra","fact_id":"A11","value":2500.0,"said_as":"2,500","text":"Ragin's GDP per capita calibration example for 'developed countries': crossover point at $5,000; full membership threshold at $20,000 (country identified as developed above this); full non-membership threshold at $2,500 or less.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":5,"second":null}],"owner_scene":5,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":"notShown","citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"D8","kind":"cifra","fact_id":"A21","value":54.3,"said_as":"54.3","text":"Life expectancy in the 20-country dataset ranges from 54.3 (Nigeria) to 84.2 (Japan).","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":8,"second":null}],"owner_scene":8,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":"drawn","citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"D9","kind":"cifra","fact_id":"A21","value":84.2,"said_as":"84.2","text":"Life expectancy in the 20-country dataset ranges from 54.3 (Nigeria) to 84.2 (Japan).","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":8,"second":null}],"owner_scene":8,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":"drawn","citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"D10","kind":"cifra","fact_id":"N6","value":11.0,"said_as":"eleven","text":"The indirect linguistic selection algorithm (Example 2) starts with 11 membership functions spread across the scaled data range, then iteratively merges pairs of consecutive functions—selecting at each step the partition whose components are farthest apart—until only three remain: 'Low,' 'Medium,' and 'High.' The process is repeated independently for each of the five health variables.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":11,"second":null}],"owner_scene":11,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":"drawn","citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S1","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A27","value":null,"said_as":"NGCLV calibration of twenty countries reaches about 0.971 consistency and 0.979 coverage, in rules like: “If Infant Mortality is Low and Maternal Mortality is Low, then Life Expectancy is High.”","text":"Optimization method (Example 3): using the Evolutionary Centers Algorithm (ECA) coded in Julia, the parameters of the NGCLV for fertility rate, infant mortality, and maternal mortality ratio are optimized to maximize consistency + coverage with life expectancy (High) as outcome. Result for v1*v2*v3: consistency approximately 0.971, coverage approximately 0.979.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":0,"second":null},{"scene":12,"second":null}],"owner_scene":0,"backing":"derivada","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S2","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A32","value":null,"said_as":"NGCLV calibration of twenty countries reaches about 0.971 consistency and 0.979 coverage, in rules like: “If Infant Mortality is Low and Maternal Mortality is Low, then Life Expectancy is High.”","text":"With Ragin's method it is not possible to determine the state of the variable; the NGCLV-based method allows conclusions of the type: 'If Infant Mortality is Low and Maternal Mortality is Low, then Life Expectancy is High.'","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":0,"second":null},{"scene":1,"second":null},{"scene":15,"second":null}],"owner_scene":0,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S3","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A31","value":null,"said_as":"Ragin's indirect calibration, on the same data: consistency 1.0 in every configuration, coverage below 0.05 in every one. With it, the state of a variable cannot be named.","text":"Ragin's indirect calibration method applied to the same 20-country dataset (Table 9): maximum consistency (1.0) is observed in all causal configurations, but coverage is less than 0.05 in every case.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":1,"second":null},{"scene":6,"second":null},{"scene":12,"second":null}],"owner_scene":1,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S4","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"N3","value":null,"said_as":"Ragin's indirect calibration, on the same data: consistency 1.0 in every configuration, coverage below 0.05 in every one. With it, the state of a variable cannot be named.","text":"The authors run Ragin's own indirect calibration method on the same 20-country health dataset and read the output: every single causal configuration—all 15 listed in Table 9—achieves perfect consistency of 1.0. But coverage in every case is below 0.05. The method certifies everything as consistent while explaining almost nothing.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":1,"second":null}],"owner_scene":1,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S5","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A3","value":null,"said_as":"A protest's collective behavior emerges from group dynamics in its social context. Social emergencies are nonlinear, with multiple causes and emergent properties.","text":"In sociology, collective behavior in a protest cannot be explained solely by the individual motivations of participants, but by the group dynamics that emerge in the social context.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":2,"second":null}],"owner_scene":2,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S6","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A1","value":null,"said_as":"A protest's collective behavior emerges from group dynamics in its social context. Social emergencies are nonlinear, with multiple causes and emergent properties.","text":"Social emergencies are characterized by nonlinear dynamics, multiple causality, and emergent properties that cannot be reduced to simple causal chains.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":2,"second":null}],"owner_scene":2,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S7","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A5","value":null,"said_as":"Charles Ragin developed QCA in the 1980s, between statistics, usually 30 cases or more, and deep one- or two-case studies. A truth table finds several paths to one outcome.","text":"QCA is the methodology developed by Charles Ragin in the 1980s to study complex social phenomena, especially when working with a small number of cases; its main objective is to identify causal configurations—combinations of conditions—that explain why a particular outcome occurs.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":3,"second":null}],"owner_scene":3,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S8","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A6","value":null,"said_as":"Charles Ragin developed QCA in the 1980s, between statistics, usually 30 cases or more, and deep one- or two-case studies. A truth table finds several paths to one outcome.","text":"QCA uses a truth table to code cases, applies Boolean logic to simplify condition combinations, and allows discovery of multiple causal paths (equifinality) and conjunctural causality.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":3,"second":null}],"owner_scene":3,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S9","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A8","value":null,"said_as":"fsQCA replaced 0 or 1 with degrees, and calibration became the problem. Water changes state at 0 and 100 degrees Celsius.","text":"After criticism of crisp QCA, Ragin replaced Boolean values of 0 or 1 with values between 0 and 1 to incorporate uncertainty in measurements, creating fsQCA; this brought the additional challenge of calibration—how to fuzzify the data.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":4,"second":null}],"owner_scene":4,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S10","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"N2","value":null,"said_as":"fsQCA replaced 0 or 1 with degrees, and calibration became the problem. Water changes state at 0 and 100 degrees Celsius.","text":"Ragin uses water to show that qualitative change is not gradual everywhere: water can be heated or cooled across a wide range, but the moments that matter—the moments where something fundamentally different happens—are 0°C and 100°C. Everything else is a matter of degree; those two points are categorical thresholds.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":4,"second":null}],"owner_scene":4,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S11","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"N1","value":null,"said_as":"To an experienced economist, 1 percent GDP growth is not real growth. “Developed country” GDP per capita crosses over at 5,000 dollars, full at 20,000, out at 2,500 or less.","text":"Ragin illustrates the calibration problem with a deceptively simple question: what does 1% GDP growth mean? A raw number on a scale, it looks like growth. But an experienced economist, drawing on substantive knowledge, does not read it that way—only 2% or higher counts as real economic growth. The same datum, two different meanings: the gap between them is exactly what calibration must bridge.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":5,"second":null}],"owner_scene":5,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S12","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A12","value":null,"said_as":"Experts set those thresholds directly, or percentiles and means estimate them. Consistency: same outcome. Coverage: how representative. Both count from 0.8.","text":"In the direct calibration method, experts provide three values: the threshold for full membership, the threshold for full non-membership, and the crossover point. Determining the crossover point is the critical part of this method.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":6,"second":null}],"owner_scene":6,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S13","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A13","value":null,"said_as":"Experts set those thresholds directly, or percentiles and means estimate them. Consistency: same outcome. Coverage: how representative. Both count from 0.8.","text":"In the indirect calibration method, statistical or empirical procedures—such as percentiles or means—are used to estimate membership thresholds when no clear theoretical criteria exist.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":6,"second":null}],"owner_scene":6,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S14","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A14","value":null,"said_as":"Experts set those thresholds directly, or percentiles and means estimate them. Consistency: same outcome. Coverage: how representative. Both count from 0.8.","text":"Consistency measures the degree to which a specific condition or combination of conditions produces the same outcome; coverage measures how representative a condition or combination of conditions is. Both are considered significant at values greater than or equal to 0.8.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":6,"second":null}],"owner_scene":6,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S15","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A15","value":null,"said_as":"Experts set those thresholds directly, or percentiles and means estimate them. Consistency: same outcome. Coverage: how representative. Both count from 0.8.","text":"Even when consistency of a combination is significant (≥0.8), the causal combination may produce the same outcome in a small percentage of cases; the coverage index complements consistency by indicating whether the combination is frequent or rare.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":6,"second":null}],"owner_scene":6,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S16","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A16","value":null,"said_as":"The NGCLV has one shape parameter, m. At 0, a descending sigmoid; at 0.5, symmetric; at 1, increasing. The authors recommend “Low”, “Medium”, “High”.","text":"The NGCLV (Normalized General Continuous Linguistic Variable), from González-Caballero et al. (2021), is a parametric membership function defined by three parameters; by adjusting a single shape parameter m, it can take increasing, decreasing, or convex forms.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":7,"second":null}],"owner_scene":7,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S17","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A17","value":null,"said_as":"The NGCLV has one shape parameter, m. At 0, a descending sigmoid; at 0.5, symmetric; at 1, increasing. The authors recommend “Low”, “Medium”, “High”.","text":"Fixing the other NGCLV parameters and taking m = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 yields, respectively: a descending sigmoid, an asymmetric shape to the right with respect to γ, a symmetric shape with respect to γ, an asymmetric shape to the left with respect to γ, and an increasing sigmoid.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":7,"second":null}],"owner_scene":7,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S18","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A18","value":null,"said_as":"The NGCLV has one shape parameter, m. At 0, a descending sigmoid; at 0.5, symmetric; at 1, increasing. The authors recommend “Low”, “Medium”, “High”.","text":"The authors recommend: m = 0 for labels such as 'Low' or 'Little'; m = 1 for labels such as 'High' or 'A lot'; m = 0.5 for labels such as 'Medium,' 'Neither much nor little,' or 'More or less.'","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":7,"second":null}],"owner_scene":7,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S19","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A19","value":null,"said_as":"The NGCLV has one shape parameter, m. At 0, a descending sigmoid; at 0.5, symmetric; at 1, increasing. The authors recommend “Low”, “Medium”, “High”.","text":"Without NGCLV, a specific membership function shape must be selected a priori (triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian, sigmoid, among others), which does not always fit the problem or the data; once the three NGCLV parameters are set, it can approximate any of those shapes.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":7,"second":null}],"owner_scene":7,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S20","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A22","value":null,"said_as":"The test: twenty countries, five health indicators, from a 2023 dataset compiled by Nidula Elgiriyewithana. Life expectancy, the outcome, runs from 54.3 in Nigeria to 84.2 in Japan.","text":"The 20-country dataset with raw values for five health indicators (Table 1 of the source).","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":8,"second":null}],"owner_scene":8,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S21","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A23","value":null,"said_as":"Direct method: experts set thresholds. Fertility is “Medium”: 0.5 at 1.3 and 3, full at 2.1, so its m needs optimization.","text":"In the direct calibration method (Example 1), infant mortality and maternal mortality ratio are calibrated as 'Low' (m = 0); physicians per thousand and life expectancy as 'High' (m = 1); fertility rate requires m estimated by optimization (approximately 0.574) because it must reach 0.5 at both 1.3 and 3, and reach 1 at 2.1.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":9,"second":null}],"owner_scene":9,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S22","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"N5","value":null,"said_as":"Direct method: experts set thresholds. Fertility is “Medium”: 0.5 at 1.3 and 3, full at 2.1, so its m needs optimization.","text":"In Example 1, the experts are asked to set the calibration thresholds for fertility rate. The indicator is unusual: it should not be 'Low' or 'High' but 'Medium'—a value of 0.5 must be reached at both 1.3 and 3, and the function must peak at 1 in 2.1. No fixed value of m satisfies all three constraints simultaneously, so the authors must turn to optimization just to define the membership function for a single variable.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":9,"second":null}],"owner_scene":9,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S23","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A24","value":null,"said_as":"Three configurations pass 0.8: fertility with infant mortality, infant with maternal mortality, maternal mortality alone.","text":"Direct calibration (Example 1) fsQCA results: causal configurations with consistency and coverage both exceeding 0.8 are: (1) fertility rate AND infant mortality; (2) infant mortality AND maternal mortality ratio; (3) maternal mortality ratio alone.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":10,"second":null}],"owner_scene":10,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S24","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A25","value":null,"said_as":"Indirect linguistic selection merges eleven curves down to “Low”, “Medium” and “High”. Infant with maternal mortality, and infant mortality alone, pass at about 0.834 and 0.987.","text":"Indirect linguistic selection method (Example 2): using precision h = 10 and three linguistic values ('High,' 'Medium,' 'Low'), the algorithm automatically generates NGCLV membership functions for each variable; the same calibration choices as Example 1 are applied (infant mortality and maternal mortality ratio as 'Low'; physicians per thousand and life expectancy as 'High'; fertility rate as 'Medium').","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":11,"second":null}],"owner_scene":11,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S25","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A26","value":null,"said_as":"Indirect linguistic selection merges eleven curves down to “Low”, “Medium” and “High”. Infant with maternal mortality, and infant mortality alone, pass at about 0.834 and 0.987.","text":"Indirect linguistic selection (Example 2) fsQCA results: causal configurations with consistency and coverage both exceeding 0.8 are: (1) infant mortality AND maternal mortality ratio (consistency 0.834, coverage 0.987); (2) infant mortality alone (consistency 0.834, coverage 0.987).","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":11,"second":null}],"owner_scene":11,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S26","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A28","value":null,"said_as":"The Evolutionary Centers Algorithm, coded in Julia, then optimizes the parameters. Fertility, infant and maternal mortality together: about 0.971 and 0.979. Physicians alone: about 0.935 and 0.946.","text":"Optimization method (Example 3): physicians per thousand (v4), studied separately, yields consistency approximately 0.935 and coverage approximately 0.946.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":12,"second":null}],"owner_scene":12,"backing":"derivada","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S27","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A30","value":null,"said_as":"Two optimized curves bend convex: maternal mortality and physicians per thousand. The authors call this surprising, and leave it to be analyzed.","text":"The authors note as surprising that maternal mortality ratio and physicians per thousand emerge with convex membership functions in the optimization results, which need to be analyzed.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":13,"second":null}],"owner_scene":13,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S28","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"N4","value":null,"said_as":"Two optimized curves bend convex: maternal mortality and physicians per thousand. The authors call this surprising, and leave it to be analyzed.","text":"When the Evolutionary Centers Algorithm finishes optimizing the NGCLV parameters for the 20-country dataset, the authors inspect the resulting membership functions. Two of them—maternal mortality ratio and physicians per thousand—have taken convex shapes. The authors did not expect this. They flag it explicitly as 'the surprising matter' and note that these functions need to be analyzed.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":13,"second":null}],"owner_scene":13,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S29","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A33","value":null,"said_as":"The authors' limits: enough cases, a specialist for varied, representative data, mathematics and code. The model supports the sociology specialist, never an inexperienced reader.","text":"Limitations stated by the authors: (1) a not-small number of cases is required; (2) a specialist must supervise to ensure sufficient variety and representativeness of data; (3) the methods require mathematical knowledge and programming skills, so working with a specialist is recommended for now; (4) the model should only serve as support for the sociology specialist and must never be interpreted by an inexperienced person; (5) future user-friendly tools are promised.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":14,"second":null}],"owner_scene":14,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}},{"id":"S30","kind":"enunciado","fact_id":"A34","value":null,"said_as":"Longitudinal and regional studies are proposed next. A raw number becomes evidence only once its calibration says what it means.","text":"Future work proposed by the authors: applying the methods to more sociological problems; longitudinal and comparative regional studies; and exploring neutrosophic consistency and coverage indices. The Julia code is provided in the article's appendix.","period":null,"said_in":[{"scene":15,"second":null}],"owner_scene":15,"backing":"respaldada_en_su_escena","on_screen":null,"citation":{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","as_of":null}}],"sources":[{"title":"Measuring social emergencies through fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis: a calibration framework using normalized general continuous linguistic variables","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793/full","doi":"10.3389/fsoc.2026.1824793","authors":["Noel Batista Hernandez","Maikel Yelandi Leyva Vazquez","Anabel Mariela Abarca Cruz","Lissette Amelia Alvarado Ajila"],"role":"principal","read":true,"claims":["D1","D2","D3","D4","D5","D6","D7","D8","D9","D10","S1","S2","S3","S4","S5","S6","S7","S8","S9","S10","S11","S12","S13","S14","S15","S16","S17","S18","S19","S20","S21","S22","S23","S24","S25","S26","S27","S28","S29","S30"]}],"summary":{"codex":"present","figures_total":10,"backed_in_scene":10,"derived":0,"unbacked":0,"context_only":0,"figures_on_screen":{"drawn":8,"approx":0,"withheld":0,"notShown":2},"plotted_values_approx":0,"plotted_values_withheld":1,"figures_outside_the_cut":0},"doi":null,"certifications":[],"claimsDigest":"e5a0a405ee1a00cae3065b7466a697bc3de9e2822cc545e79175b0fd0da507d0"}